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1 Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
География: Портсмутская военно-морская судоверфь (создана в 1800 г.)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
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2 Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
сокр PNSНаходится в штате Нью-Хэмпшир. Старейшая военно-морская судоверфь страны - используется с 1800. Здесь в 1905 был подписан Портсутский мирный договор, завершивший русско-японскую войну 1904-05. Известна под прозвищем "Колыбель американского судостроения" ["Cradle of American Shipbuilding"]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
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3 Portsmouth
1) Город на юго-востоке штата Вирджиния, пригород Норфолка [ Norfolk]. 100,5 тыс. жителей (2000). Основан в 1750, статус города с 1758. Военная судоверфь [Norfolk Navy Yard] (строительство подводных лодок) в заливе Хамптон-Роудс [ Hampton Roads]. База Атлантического флота [ Atlantic Fleet]. Пищевая (продукты моря) и текстильная промышленность (хлопок), деревообработка, производство мебели. Город имел стратегическое значение во время Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] и Гражданской войны [ Civil War]. Музей судоверфи [Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum]2) Город на юго-востоке штата Нью-Хэмпшир. 20,7 тыс. жителей (2000). Основан в 1653. Единственный морской порт штата; расположен в устье р. Пискатакуа [Piscataqua River]. Судостроение, приборостроение, радиоэлектроника. В 1905 здесь на территории военно-морской базы и судоверфи [ Portsmouth Naval Shipyard] был подписан Портсмутский мирный договор между Россией и Японией [Treaty of Portsmouth]. Среди достопримечательностей: дом Дж. П. Джонса [ Jones, John Paul] (1758), дом Джексона [Jackson House] (1664) - старейший из сохранившихся в городе, дом Уорнера [Warner House] (1716) - один из первых кирпичных домов в США3) Город на юге штата Огайо, у слияния рек Огайо [ Ohio River] и Сайото [Scioto River], у границы со штатом Кентукки. 20,9 тыс. жителей (2000). Административный центр [ county seat] округа Сайото [Scioto County]. Торгово-промышленный центр, транспортный узел. Университет штата Шауни [Shawnee State University] (1986). В окрестностях - индейские курганы [ Mounds]. Ядерный объект (производство расщепляющихся материалов). Город основан в 1803, назван в честь города в Нью-Хэмпшире. Статус города с 1851. Развивался как транспортный узел после завершения строительства Огайского канала [Ohio Canal] (1832), соединившего его с г. Кливлендом [ Cleveland], с середины XIX в. как железнодорожный узел. В 1937 значительно пострадал от наводнения.4) город на юго-востоке штата Род-Айленд, на острове Аквиднек [Aquidneck Island]. 17,1 тыс. жителей (2000). Основан в 1638 сторонниками А. Хатчинсон [ Hutchinson, Anne], одно из первых поселений в штате. Курорт. -
4 Piscataqua River
Река длиной 19 км, образующая часть границы между штатами Мэн и Нью-Хэмпшир. Судоходна. Образуется слиянием рек Самон-Фолс [Salmon Falls River] и Кочико [Cocheco River] у г. Довера [ Dover], шт. Нью-Хэмпшир и течет в юго-восточном направлении мимо городков Киттери [Kittery], шт. Мэн, и Портсмут [ Portsmouth], шт. Нью-Хэмпшир, впадая в бухту Портсмут [Portsmouth Harbor], которая считается одной из лучших естественных гаваней в стране - здесь находится Портсмутская военно-морская судоверфь [ Portsmouth Naval Shipyard], созданная в 1800.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Piscataqua River
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5 Портсмутская военно-морская судоверфь
Geography: Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (создана в 1800 г.)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Портсмутская военно-морская судоверфь
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6 Elgar, Francis
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. April 1845 Portsmouth, Englandd. 16 January 1909 Monte Carlo, Monaco[br]English naval architect and shipbuilder.[br]Elgar enjoyed a fascinating professional life, during which he achieved distinction in the military, merchant, academic and political aspects of his profession. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed as a shipwright to the Royal Dockyard at Portsmouth but when he was in his late teens he was selected as one of the Admiralty students to further his education at the Royal School of Naval Architecture at South Kensington, London. On completion of the course he was appointed to Birkenhead, where the ill-fated HMS Captain was being built, and then to Portsmouth Dockyard. In 1870 the Captain was lost at sea and Francis Elgar was called on to prepare much of the evidence for the Court Martial. This began his life-long interest in ship stability and in ways of presenting this information in an easily understood form to ship operators.In 1883 he accepted the John Elder Chair of Naval Architecture at Glasgow University, an appointment which formalized the already well-established teaching of this branch of engineering at Glasgow. However, after only three years he returned to public service in the newly created post of Director of Royal Dockyards, a post that he held for a mere six years but which brought about great advances in the speed of warship construction, with associated reductions in cost. In 1892 he was made Naval Architect and Director of the Fairfield Shipbuilding Company in Glasgow, remaining there until he retired in 1907. The following year he accepted the post of Chairman of the Birkenhead shipyard of Cammell Laird \& Co.; this was a recent amalgamation of two companies, and he retained this position until his death. Throughout his life, Elgar acted on many consultative bodies and committees, including the 1884 Ship Load Line Enquiry. His work enabled him to keep abreast of all current thinking in ship design and construction.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS. FRSE. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.BibliographyElgar produced some remarkable papers, which were published by the Institutions of Naval Architects, Civil Engineers and Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland as well as by the Royal Society. He published several books on shipbuilding.FMW -
7 Watts, Philip
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 30 May 1846 Portsmouth, Englandd. 15 March 1926 probably London, England[br]English naval architect, shipbuilding manager and ultimately Director of Naval Construction.[br]Since he had a long family connection with the naval base at Portsmouth, it is not surprising that Watts started to serve his apprenticeship there in 1860. He was singled out for advanced training and then in 1866 was one of three young men selected to attend the Royal School of Naval Architecture at South Kensington in London. On completing his training he joined the technical staff, then had a period as a ship overseer before going to assist William Froude for two years, an arrangement which led to a close friendship between Watts and the two Froudes. Some interesting tasks followed: the calculations for HM Armoured Ram Polyphemus; the setting up of a "calculating" section within the Admiralty; and then work as a constructor at Chatham Dockyard. In 1885 the first major change of direction took place: Watts resigned from naval service to take the post of General Manager of the Elswick shipyard of Sir W.G.Armstrong. This was a wonderful opportunity for an enthusiastic and highly qualified man, and Watts rose to the challenge. Elswick produced some of the finest warships at the end of the nineteenth century and its cruisers, such as the Esmeralda of the Chilean Navy, had a legendary name.In 1902 he was recalled to the Navy to succeed Sir William White as Director of Naval Construction (DNC). This was one of the most exciting times ever in warship design and it was during Watts's tenure of the post that the Dreadnought class of battleship was produced, the submarine service was developed and the destroyer fleet reached high levels of performance. It has been said that Watts's distinct achievements as DNC were greater armament per ton displacement, higher speeds and better manoeuvring, greater protection and, almost as important, elegance of appearance. Watt retired in 1912 but remained a consultant to the Admiralty until 1916, and then joined the board of Armstrong Whitworth, on which he served until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1905. FRS 1900. Chairman, Board of Trade's Load Line Committee 1913. Vice-President, Society for Nautical Research (upon its founding), and finally Chairman for the Victory preservation and technical committee. Honorary Vice-President, Institution of Naval Architects 1916. Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights 1915.BibliographyWatts produced many high-quality technical papers, including ten papers to the Institution of Naval Architects.FMW -
8 Napier, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 18 June 1791 Dumbarton, Scotlandd. 23 June 1876 Shandon, Dunbartonshire, Scotland[br]Scottish shipbuilder one of the greatest shipbuilders of all time, known as the "father" of Clyde shipbuilding.[br]Educated at Dumbarton Grammar School, Robert Napier had been destined for the Church but persuaded his father to let him serve an apprenticeship as a blacksmith under him. For a while he worked in Edinburgh, but then in 1815 he commenced business in Glasgow, the city that he served for the rest of his life. Initially his workshop was in Camlachie, but it was moved in 1836 to a riverside factory site at Lancefield in the heart of the City and again in 1841 to the Old Shipyard in the Burgh of Govan (then independent of the City of Glasgow). The business expanded through his preparedness to build steam machinery, beginning in 1823 with the engines for the paddle steamer Leven, still to be seen a few hundred metres from Napier's grave in Dumbarton. His name assured owners of quality, and business expanded after two key orders: one in 1836 for the Honourable East India Company; and the second two years later for the Royal Navy, hitherto the preserve of the Royal Dockyards and of the shipbuilders of south-east England. Napier's shipyard and engine shops, then known as Robert Napier and Sons, were to be awarded sixty Admiralty contracts in his lifetime, with a profound influence on ship and engine procurement for the Navy and on foreign governments, which for the first time placed substantial work in the United Kingdom.Having had problems with hull subcontractors and also with the installation of machinery in wooden hulls, in 1843 Napier ventured into shipbuilding with the paddle steamer Vanguard, which was built of iron. The following year the Royal Navy took delivery of the iron-hulled Jackall, enabling Napier to secure the contract for the Black Prince, Britain's second ironclad and sister ship to HMS Warrior now preserved at Portsmouth. With so much work in iron Napier instigated studies into metallurgy, and the published work of David Kirkaldy bears witness to his open-handedness in assisting the industry. This service to industry was even more apparent in 1866 when the company laid out the Skelmorlie Measured Mile on the Firth of Clyde for ship testing, a mile still in use by ships of all nations.The greatest legacy of Robert Napier was his training of young engineers, shipbuilders and naval architects. Almost every major Scottish shipyard, and some English too, was influenced by him and many of his early foremen left to set up rival establishments along the banks of the River Clyde. His close association with Samuel Cunard led to the setting up of the company now known as the Cunard Line. Napier designed and engined the first four ships, subcontracting the hulls of this historic quartet to other shipbuilders on the river. While he contributed only 2 per cent to the equity of the shipping line, they came back to him for many more vessels, including the magnificent paddle ship Persia, of 1855.It is an old tradition on the Clyde that the smokestacks of ships are made by the enginebuilders. The Cunard Line still uses red funnels with black bands, Napier's trademark, in honour of the engineer who set them going.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Commander of the Dannebrog (Denmark). President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1864. Honorary Member of the Glasgow Society of Engineers 1869.Further ReadingJames Napier, 1904, The Life of Robert Napier, Edinburgh, Blackwood.J.M.Halliday, 1980–1, "Robert Napier. The father of Clyde shipbuilding", Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 124.Fred M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.FMW -
9 Kirkaldy, David
[br]b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotlandd. 25 January 1897 London, England[br]Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.[br]The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.Bibliography1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).Further ReadingD.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).LRD / FMW
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